Habits and Traits of the Ant Family

Habits and Traits of the Ant Family Ask any insect enthusiast how they became so interested in bugs, and hell probably mention childhood hours spent watching ants. Theres something fascinating about social insects, especially ones as diverse and evolved as the ants, the family Formicidae. Description Its easy to recognize ants, with narrow waists, bulbous abdomens, and elbowed antennae. In most cases, when you observe ants you are only seeing the workers, all of which are female. Ants live underground, in dead wood, or sometimes in plant cavities. Most ants are black, brown, tan, or red. All ants are social insects. With few exceptions, ant colonies divide labor between sterile workers, queens, and male reproductives, called alates. Winged queens and males fly in swarms to mate. Once mated, queens lose their wings and establish a new nest site; males die. Workers tend to the colonys offspring, even rescuing the pupae should the nest be disturbed. The all-female workforce also gathers food, constructs the nest, and keeps the colony clean. Ants perform important tasks in the ecosystems where they live. Formicids turn and aerate the soil, disperse seeds, and aid in pollination. Some ants defend their plant partners from attacks by herbivores. Classification Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – HymenopteraFamily – Formicidae Diet Feeding habits vary in the ant family. Most ants prey on small insects or scavenge bits of dead organisms. Many also feed on nectar or honeydew, the sweet substance left behind by aphids. Some ants actually garden, using gathered leaf bits to grow fungus in their nests. Life Cycle The complete metamorphosis of an ant may take from 6 weeks to 2 months. Fertilized eggs always produce females, while unfertilized eggs yield males. The queen can control the sex of her offspring by selectively fertilizing the eggs with sperm, which she stores after a single mating period. White, legless larvae hatch from eggs, completely dependent on worker ants for their care. The workers feed the larvae with regurgitated food. In some species, pupae look like colorless, immobile adults. In others, pupae spin a cocoon. New adults may take several days to darken into their final color. Special Adaptions and Defenses Ants employ a fascinating variety of behaviors to communicate and defend their colonies. Leafcutter ants cultivate a bacteria with antibiotic properties to keep unwanted fungi from growing in their nests. Others tend aphids, milking them to harvest sweet honeydew. Some ants use a modified ovipositor to sting, like their wasp cousins. Some ants function as little chemical factories. Ants of the genus Formica use a special abdominal gland to produce formic acid, an irritating substance they can squirt as they bite. Bullet ants inject a strong nerve toxin when they sting. Many ants take advantage of other species. Slave-making ant queens invade colonies of other ant species, killing the resident queens and enslaving her workers. Thief ants raid neighbor colonies, stealing food and even young. Range and Distribution Ants thrive throughout the world, living everywhere except Antarctica, Greenland, Iceland, and a few isolated islands. Most ants live underground or in dead or decaying wood. Scientists describe nearly 9,000 unique species of Formicids; almost 500 ant species inhabit North America. Sources Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallAnt Information, University of ArizonaFormicidae: Information, Animal Diversity Web

Oxbow Lakes - Information and Examples

Oxbow Lakes s Rivers flow across wide, river valleys and snake across flat plains, creating curves called meanders. When a river carves itself a new channel, some of these meanders get cut off, thus creating oxbow lakes that remain unconnected but adjacent to their parent river. How Does a River Make a Loop? Interestingly, once a river begins to curve, the stream begins to move more rapidly on the outside of the curve and more slowly on the inside of the curve. This then causes the water to cut and erode the outside of the curve and deposit the sediment on the inside of the curve. As the erosion and deposition continue, the curve becomes larger and more circular. The outer bank of the river where erosion takes place is known as the concave bank.   The name for the bank of the river on the inside of the curve, where sediment deposition takes place, is called the convex bank. Cutting off the Loop Eventually, the loop of the meander reaches a diameter of approximately five times the width of the stream and the river begins to cut the loop off by eroding the neck of the loop. Eventually, the river breaks through at a cutoff and forms a new, more efficient path. Sediment is then deposited on the loop side of the stream, cutting off the loop from the stream entirely. This results in a horseshoe-shaped lake that looks exactly like an abandoned river meander. Such lakes are called oxbow lakes because they look like the bow part of the yoke formerly used with teams of oxen. An Oxbow Lake Is Formed Oxbow lakes are still lakes, generally, no water flows in or out of oxbow lakes. They rely on local rainfall and, over time, can turn into swamps. Often, they ultimately evaporate in just a few years after having been cut off from the main river.   In Australia, oxbow lakes are called billabongs. Other names for oxbow lakes include  horseshoe lake, a loop lake, or cutoff lake.   The Meandering Mississippi River The Mississippi River is an excellent example of a meandering river that curves and winds as it flows across the Midwest United States toward the Gulf of Mexico. Take a look at a Google Map of Eagle Lake on the Mississippi-Louisiana border. It was once part of the Mississippi River and was known as Eagle Bend. Eventually, Eagle Bend became Eagle Lake when the oxbow lake was formed. Notice that the border between the two states used to follow the curve of the meander. Once the oxbow lake was formed, the meander in the state line was no longer needed; however, it remains as it was originally created, only now there is a piece of Louisiana on the east side of the Mississippi River. The length of the Mississippi River is actually shorter now than in the early nineteenth century because the U.S. government created their own cutoffs and oxbow lakes in order to improve navigation along the river. Carter Lake, Iowa Theres an interesting meander and oxbow lake situation for the city of Carter Lake, Iowa. This Google Map shows how the city of Carter Lake was cut off from the rest of Iowa when the channel of the Missouri River formed a new channel during a flood in March 1877, creating Carter Lake. Thus, the city of Carter Lake became the only city in Iowa west of the Missouri River. The case of Carter Lake made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Nebraska v. Iowa, 143 U.S. 359. The court ruled  in 1892 that while state boundaries along a river should generally follow the natural gradual changes of the river when a river makes an abrupt change, the original border remains.

The roles and influences of the various actors and groups involved in Essay

The roles and influences of the various actors and groups involved in policy-making - Essay Example Thus, tourism, for any State, creates job opportunities, bringing in money, while forming a cost-effective measure to revive ‘run-down communities’ (ibid). A sustainable and well-managed tourism sector is environmentally advantageous for the country, subsequently assisting in elevating the quality of lives for the local inhabitants. Thus it is imperative that public policies on an economic sector as important as tourism be carefully framed, keeping in mind various aspects like economic development of the chosen location, sustainability of the entire project, amongst many others. Policies, in both public and private sectors, provide a framework for making decisions, and help to connect the process of strategy planning with actual implementation (Wheelen and Hunger, 1990). Tourism policy is can be viewed as "a set of regulations, rules, guidelines, directives, and development objectives and strategies† (Goeldner, Ritchie & McIntosh 2000, 445). In tourism policymaking , the focus would involve around creating guidelines for the development of sustainable tourism along with a plan for future measures and developmental route (Jenkins 2000). The Tourism industry in any country includes other business sectors like hospitality services, museums, heritage sites, various events, and transportation, thus making it imperative that besides the governmental authorities, various actors and groups form other business sectors remain involved or taken under consideration while framing policies for tourism. This essay will examine the various actors and groups that remain involved in tourism policymaking, the levels of influence of the various groups involved in tourism policy-making and how this has changed over time, and evaluate the linkages and/or partnerships that exist between groups involved in tourism policy-making especially in the context of UK tourism policymaking. Discussion A brief analysis of tourism industry in UK: UK tourism primarily is domestic based, and figures (fig 1) show that UK residents make more than â€Å"1bn overnight trips and day visits† annually, which comes to a count of nearly of 17 trips per person residing in UK, subsequently leading to almost ?67bn being circulated within UK economy each year (Tourism-Alliance, Tourism: Britain’s best opportunity for sustainable economic growth and new employment, 2010, 1). Fig 1: Domestic Tourism Expenditure by Destination. Here we find that redistribution of expenditure within UK tourism occurs mainly from urban centres like large cities and towns, and moves towards small villages and communities that live near the sea. (Source: Tourism-Alliance, Tourism: Britain’s best opportunity for sustainable economic growth and new employment, 2010, 1). In the arena of international tourism, UK is a popular destination, with large number of foreign visitors coming in each year. These overseas tourists act as a booster for the UK economy (as shown in fig 2), a s they bring in annual revenue worth almost ?19bn (which is worth more than the revenues earned from North Sea oil). Of the revenue generated the foreign tourists, nearly â€Å"?3.5bn goes straight to the Exchequer through Air Passenger Duty and VAT to help fund health, education and other public services†

Athletes and Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Athletes and Drugs - Research Paper Example on drug abuse because current trends indicate that college athletes are also inreasingly abusing drugs not only for recreational purposes but to enhance their athletic ability. According to Sturmey, the use of recreational drugs and performance enhancing drugs among athletes has increased exponentially since the 1980s leading to the deaths of several athletes and banning of others from competitions (859). Drugs are substances that alter physiological processes in the body and their usage can result to significant tisssue damage and even death. In sports, drugs usage abuse the integrity of the competition by providing the drug users with unfair advantage. The irony in the whole scenario is that athletes are expected to be conscious of their health and aviod habits that can jeorpadize their chances in competitions. However, the need to be more stringer has driven athletes to use strength enhancing drugs. The pressure and stress associated with athletics also drive some athletes to take recreational drugs. Evidence of Drug Abuse by College Athletes. A study conducted by The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug use and Violence Prevention, realized that drug abuse among college athletes was on the increase and had actually surpassed drug abuse among non-athletes. The observed trend was a total turn around to previous findings that had realized that athletes were unlikely to use drugs because they needed to maintain physical fitness. A study conducted by Meldrum & Judy established that already 1% of college athletes were using anabolic steroids and a further 12% revealed that they were considering to use strength enhancing anabolic steroids. A related study documented in Family Practice Notebook outlines that in the current situation in America 80%-88% of college students consume alcohol, 20%-36% use marijuana, 17% use Cocaine, 8% use amphetamine and 2%-6% use anabolic steroids. The findings of these studies are shocking and indicate college athletes are

The contributions of Washing and Jefferson Essay Example for Free

The contributions of Washing and Jefferson Essay In 1789, the first person was elected to become the first president of the United States of America under the Constitution. The first person was Washington. Following Washington years later was the third president, Jefferson. The first few presidents of the United States contributed to establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution. They stabilized the government through international affairs and internal affairs. Washington contributed to the stability of the government through internal affairs. One such series of affairs started out through the Hamiltons Fiscal Plan. Because of the Fiscal Plan, which was made to stabilize the economy, was the reason for the Whiskey rebellion. What Washington did was take out the rebellion. He used federal force to push the rebellion down under. Through that event, it showed the nation the federal power that the government had and therefore strengthens it. Washington also established the judiciary branch and its power through the Judiciary Act of 1789. This strengthened the judicial branch of the government making the government more rounded and stronger internally. Similarly, Washington also strengthened the stability of the government through international affairs. One such event would be the conflict with Britain and France in 1793. France wanted the US to side with them because of the Franco-American Alliance in 1778; however, Washington didnt want to get involved with other nations problems. Washington declared the Neutrality Proclamation in 1793. This kept the US out of any conflict. This neutrality would be the basis of all of the USs foreign policy for the next hundred years. Like Washington, Jefferson also aided in the stability of the government under the Constitution through internal affairs. One internal affair that Jeffersons term of office went through was the Marbury vs. Madison Case of 1803. The resolution of this conflict strengthened the stability of the judicial branch of the government and therefore strengthening the stability of the government. Jeffersons election also found flaws in the Electoral College which lead to the 12th amendment of the constitution which fixed the problem in the election process which strengthens the stability of the  government. Similarly, Jefferson also strengthened the stability of the government through international affairs. One such event would be the Tripolitan War. This event led to the development of the US navy and marines. They would strengthen the nations protection forces which in turn strengthen the US government. The following years after the presidency of Washington and Jefferson were able because of the contributions that Washington and Jefferson made to stabilize the government. Both presidents aided in the stability of the government through internal affairs like fixing flaws in the Electoral College and through international affairs like foreign policies with Britain and France.

The Rise of Democracy in Britain Essay -- British Politics Papers

The Rise of Democracy in Britain The dynamic course of the nineteenth century set off a revolution within the realm of British politics. Foreign influence and domestic transformation created a situation where individual interests were forced into the public sphere for political reconciliation. The shift towards democratic government was largely unscripted because Britain had no written constitution to guide its path. Thus, Britain’s pursuit of democracy was not prescribed by any rules or written precedents. Instead, it was the outgrowth of an immediate national responsibility to fulfill the demands of the disenfranchised. Britain’s journey towards democracy cannot be explained without taking into account the many factors that spurred its development. The forces responsible for advancing democratic government in Great Britain were the diverse products of a unique set of evolving social, economic, and political structures. To understand the forces that propelled Britain towards democracy in the nineteenth century, one must first look back to the preconditions that fostered contemporary social change. The development of democratic government and the rise of capitalism are intrinsically linked. Necessary to the ideology of capitalism was the notion that the free individual was making a personal investment of labor or service and receiving the means with which to purchase property in return. Thus, a person of property was politically invested. Industrialization, however, changed the economic climate that had defined the way politics operated prior to the nineteenth century. Suddenly, society contained groups of people who were worki... ...tension that pushed forward the original reforms of 1832. This spirit of public demand for political representation would be essential in propelling the future advances of British democracy. As the political demands of the middle and working class came into the public sphere for the first time, the second track of political change arose. Political organizations placed their goal at giving public demands a parliamentary voice. The subsequent evolution of political parties and interest groups shaped the composition of Parliament and its attitude towards reform. In the final analysis, the influence of the public and the interests of the parties that had developed to represent their needs came together to push through the great nineteenth century reforms that later stood as buttresses to the structure of British democracy.

Social Inequality to Kill a Mockingbird

Social Inequality Think of social inequality. Is it fair for people to be ranked and divided simply because of their social status? Maybe you’re thinking of the high school social rankings but it’s more than that. People are being treated according to their social classes by the colour of their skin or their family background or financial status, all aspects that we do not have a choice in. Take the Royal family for instance. They are on the top of the pyramid, simply because of their status and wealth; people will treat them differently to how they would treat us commoners.They are deemed superior simply because they are the Royals, but it is only because they were born into that family with a silver spoon in their mouths. What about those homeless people on the streets? Would you treat them the same way you would treat the royals? In To Kill a Mockingbird, the Finches were a pretty well off family with Atticus being related to nearly everyone in town and his job as a lawyer provided sufficient money to support his family. The Cunningham family on the other hand, are poor famers that try to scrape along with what they have.They are ridiculed because of their lack of wealth, and because they were ‘Cunninghams’. Although the Cunninghams are poor, they are respectable because they find other ways to pay instead of money. Scout is unaware of such things as social standings, but is however, aware that the Cunninghams are poor; and points out rather helpfully to her first grade teacher Miss Caroline, that Walter Cunningham is ‘a Cunningham’ so he would never be able to pay back her quarter if she had lent it to him.Later Scout is disgusted by Walter’s eating manners, which leads to her being scolded by Calpurnia to not judge someone because of whether they were poor or not. Even if the Cunninghams were poor, they were nothing compared to the Ewells. They were typical ‘white trash’ characters that lived with horrible hygiene, uneducated and did not abide by the law. The Ewells were considered the worst of the worst with their uncouth manners and language. Most people avoided them but felt sorry for them just like Tom did for Mayella. However he helping her only led to landing him a court case and ultimately death.But even below the Ewells on the social pyramid is the black community. They are deemed even worse than the Ewells because they are Negroes. The colour of their skin decided their social status and people judged them simply because of that. They put up with far worse treatment than the Ewells or the Cunninghams. Social inequality just goes to show if people are labelled ‘Cunningham’ or ‘Ewell’ or ‘Negro’. It is pigeonholing people into someone might not be. Social status does not decide the people we are and people should be treated equally no matter what.

Cat in the Rain Ernest Miller Hemingway Essay

Hemingway was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingway’s fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that resonated with his audience. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. â€Å"Cat in the rain† is a piece of fiction referring to the literature of interpretation. This story is also a psychological one because the author investigates human characters and their relationships. The story is told in the 3rd person narrative. The title of the story admits the fact that the cat’s image makes great play in the story. We can say that it is symbolic title. The characters presented Directly. The text of the story is not homogeneous: it is interrupted with the elements of description and the characters’ dialogues. The plot of the story is meant to begin before the narration itself starts. There isn’t any preface to the story, the reader knows nothing about the couple’s past. Author shows his characters in a certain period of their lives. â€Å"Cat in the rain† is about an American couple on vacation in Italy. While at their hotel the woman saw a cat and the story progresses from there. During the story it is made obvious that the couple’s relationship wasn’t good. Author uses the cat stuck in the rain with nobody to care for it to symbolize the wife wasn’t loved by her husbund. So, the story begins with the description of the hotel where two Americans stopped: â€Å"Palms grew and the bright colors of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea†. We can say that this place is very beautiful. But only one thing breaks the idyll – the rain, that’s why the couple stays in and just a cat in the rain attracted the young woman’s attention. She wanted to get the cat inside. At first sight everything seems to be ideal: a cozy room on the second floor, lovely view from the window. And only the description of the rain evokes the mood of sadness in the reader. To bring home this air of melancholy which is felt when it is raining, the author uses such stylistic device as parallel constructions: â€Å"The rain dripped from the palm trees. The water stood in pools on the gravel paths. The sea broke in a long line in the rain and slipped back down the beach to come up and break again in a long line in the rain â€Å". We can notice that nouns rain, pools, sea belong to one sphere – the water. This stylistic device is employed by the author to create the atmosphere of inevitability. People can not hide from the rain. Water is everywhere: it is on the ground, it is pouring from the heavens as though the nature weeps for something. Here author uses alliteration of sounds [r], [l]: â€Å"Rain dripped from the palm trees, the sea broke in a long line in the rain†, it brings the rhythm to the description of the weather. Complication starts when the American young lady saw a cat in the rain. The cat sat under the table and tried to make herself so compact that she wouldn’t be dripped on†. Suddenly the girl felt strong desire to get this cat. It must have been a miserable spectacle: wet, homeless cat crouching under the table in the empty square. The girl decided to go down and get this cat. Here we get acquainted with her husband. He is lying on the bed and reading and he has no desire to go out in such weather for the cat his wife wants so much. Although he proposed it but sooner out of politeness and he did not insist. â€Å"Don’t get wet†- he said, but it wasn’t a care – he said it just to say something. Later we can see that the hotel-keeper gives to her more attention than her own husband. That’s why she liked the owner of the hotel so much. Emphasizing the girl’s attitude to the hotel-keeper the author resorts to repetition: â€Å"She liked the deadly serious way he received any complains. She liked his dignity. She liked the way he wanted to serve her. She liked the way he felt about being a hotel-keeper. She liked his old, heavy face and big hands â€Å". Unconsciously comparing him with her indifferent husband she liked him because he displayed a kind of attention to her. He always bowed seeing her. His attention can be explained by the fact that he was the owner of the hotel and it was his due to take care of his clients, especially if they were foreigners. He just wanted them to feel comfortable and convenient. He displayed paternal care and attention to her. May be the girl was disposed to the hotel-keeper because he reminded her of her own father who was always kind to her. Anyway, it was so pleasant for the girl to feel sympathy and care. The author says: † The pardons made her feel very small and at the same time really important. She had a momentary feeling of being of supreme importance†. That is the reason she liked him. He made her feel important. He listened to her every word and request, and she knew that her every little whim will be fulfilled, and that can not be said about her husband who never worried about her feelings. The climax starts when the young lady went upstairs in her room. The only reaction of her husband was the question if she got the cat. He did not notice her disappointment. Suddenly the girl felt unhappy. Through her sad monologue the writer shows all her dissatisfaction with the life, beginning with the absence of the cat and ending with her short clipped hair. I get so tired of itâ€Å"- she says about her hair, but it is not just looking like a boy that she is tired of. She is tired of a boring life, of her indifferent and selfish husband who remains deaf to her despair. She does not say directly that she is not satisfied with her family life. But the reader can see it in the context. She says: â€Å"I want to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a big knot at the back that I feel. I want to have a kitty to sit on my lap and purr when I stroke her†. She wants to have long hair to look solid and respectable. She wants to have children and her own house which she associates with silver and candles. And the cat in her dreams is a symbol of refuge, something that she corresponds with such notions as home and cosiness. The author underlines the idea of dissatisfaction using repetition. In importunate repetition of the construction â€Å"I want† the reader can see the girl’s emotional state. This stylistic device discloses her excitement. The emotional tension increases. â€Å"And I want to eat at a table with my own silver, and I want candles. And I want it to be spring and I want to brush up my hair out in front of the mirror and I want the kitty and I want some new clothes â€Å". Here is an example of polysyndeton. The abundant use of the conjunction and makes the members of enumeration more conspicuous and also serves to emphasize the girl’s state of confusion. The syntax also contributes to the effect of extreme agitation of the girl. The writer deliberately avoids the use of commas in the girl’s speech to show uninterrupted, without any pauses flow of speech which testifies to her emotional excitement. This abstract may be regarded as the climax of the story. Here the emotional tension reaches its highest degree. The girl throws out all her discontent, all her negative emotions which she accumulated during her joint life with her husband. Then the peak of the climax comes: â€Å"Oh, shut up and get something to read† says her husband. Estrangement grows between two people. The girl feels insulted and stays looking out of the window. It is still raining. The rain is present during the whole narration. The moment when hotel-keeper passed her a cat is outcome. Probably pardrone didn’t understand the melancholy of the girl. However human advantage, a kindness are opposed egoism of her husband. In this story, cat is the symbol of woman. Woman feels lonely, dependent, and unhappy. She is just like a cat in the rain wet, alone. She is neglected like a poor kitty. She needs to be loved (by her husband) and need interest, security, and comfort. Her husband doesn’t attach importance her ideas, feelings. He doesn’t behave her like his wife, so the woman doesn’t like her life, her clothes, and her hair. She wants to have a kitty because she wants give her love to this poor kitty. In ‘Cat in the rain† we can see a hidden idea between the lines, author doesn’t say it directly. Hemingway’s talent lies in deep psychological insight into human nature.

Choosing a Non

Choosing a Non In this paper, I will briefly set up Callicott’s project by highlighting his main arguments in his article. Further, I will argue that Callicott is right in preferring the Hume/Darwin/Leopold Land Ethic value theory for environmental ethics over Theism and Holistic Rationalism. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Choosing a Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory for Environmental Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I will do this by arguing that human activities cause major environmental destructions and thus, man must have ‘land ethics’ so as to preserve the biotic community. This can only be achieved if human beings accept to be mere members of biotic community and stop using land as ‘their’ commodity. In his article, â€Å"Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and Environmental Ethics, Callicott starts by informing that the implication of the term ‘environmental ethics’ va ries considerably. As such, certain authors analyze environmental ethics as a function of existing philosophical thoughts in connection to the environment while others present it as an exceptional ethical entity. According to Callicott (300), when environmental ethics is taken to be more hypothetical than an applied discipline, then, most important philosophical task for environmental ethics is the development of non-anthropocentric value theory. ‘Anthropocentric value theory’ is described as any conjecture that consigns natural values to mankind and views other living organisms as important creatures that enhance human survival (Callicott 299). Therefore, the application of utilitarian calculus to determine the degree of correctness or unfairness of acts that have certain implications on the environment is undoubtedly anthropocentric. On the other hand, non-anthropocentric theories view all living things as equal beings. Non-anthropocentric theories contest the convic tion that only humans can enjoy intrinsic values. One such theory is ‘animal liberation theory’ (ethical hedonism) which is highly convectional. It is said to be conventional since it only has a slight variation from the condemned anthropocentric and utilitarian theories. It only calls for reliable implementation of anthropocentric theories. Its pros squabble that the belief that human beings are only creatures that undergo soreness and gratification was not included in the original ideologies of utilitarian theories. Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the tribulations incurred from ethical hedonism are the same as those of utilitarianism. As such, animal liberation theorists would permit the obliteration of forests to acquire feed for cattle since trees are unconscious beings. Furthermore, the theory fails to acknowledge the importance of maintain ing equilibrium between species so as to realize a sustainable ecosystem. Callicott also takes time to elaborate on ethical conativism and give his verdict. The theory was coiled from Schweizerian respect for existence. Ethical conativism describes interest using the â€Å"will-to-live† (conatations) and also describes natural values â€Å"in terms of interests†. As such, living organisms possess inherent importance when interests are comprehensibly consigned to them. This theory considers plants in environmental ethics by arguing that, plant, in addition to other life forms, have interests despite the fact that they lack consciousness. Nevertheless, the theory is criticized as it fails to show the distinction between household and untamed animals as well as the importance of marvelous organismic entities. Besides, if the theory is followed to the letter, individuals would be forced to consume dead foods like fruits and vegetables. As a result, Callicott (55) thinks of useful options like theistic axiology as well as holistic realism. According to theistic theories, every living organism is good and it possesses natural values since it’s created by the Almighty God. Accordingly, God gave human beings control over world and therefore, human race should take maximum responsibility for God’s creatures rather than taking advantage of them. Holistic realism views all living organisms as possessing intrinsic values depending on their integrity. Nevertheless, Callicott abandons these theories due to their lack of appeal in scientific world. Thus, he establishes four important attributes of any value theory in regard to environmental ethics. As such, all living things as well as super organismic entities ought to be assigned inherent value and a difference should be established between tamed and untamed animals. In addition, such theories should be in line with modern biology concerning advances in the fields of ecology and evolution. Fur ther, theories of environmental ethics must assign intrinsic values to every component and group found in the ecosystem. Thus, I tend to argue that Callicott’s support for Leopold’s ‘Land Ethics’ deserves credit. The best thing about land ethics is that it cautions human beings against using land as ‘their’ commodity. Instead, it requires man to view land as a community where he belongs so that he can express love and affection to other community members. By respecting the land, man will not interfere with flow of energy between the soil, trees and animals. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Choosing a Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory for Environmental Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Energy flow is sustained by food chains as well as death and decay of living organisms. The relationship between living things is influenced by evolution and human beings. However, huma n activities are the most catastrophic. Callicott agrees with Leopold’s view that we must have ‘land ethics’ in order to maintain the interactions occurring in the land. By doing this, we accord moral value to the land instead of acknowledging particular members. However, a number of scholars have disputed the rationalization of land ethics. They argue that the author of Land Ethics directly shifted from describing the land to prescribing what human beings ought to do in the land. Here, Callicott may wonder if such individuals read the initial pages of â€Å"A Sand County Almanac†. Their possible reply would be yes but argue that there is no real justification of Leopold’s claims. Though the cons may have a point, Callicott may argue that the book has great arguments supported by evidence resulting from acute observations just as Darwin observed the course of evolution. Callicott would say that such criticisms are uncalled for since Leopold gave mo ral recognition to the land on grounds of ethical attitudes and affection rather than specific characteristics. The opponents may then have some questions; (a) ‘why must human beings preserve the land?’ and (b) what is unique about living things that we should preserve the land? Callicott would like to use common sense and argue that we all know the importance of a healthy environment. Our well being is linked to the well being of the ecosystem. We must show love to the land so that it can have joy and produce food. Otherwise, we shall destroy our own good. Therefore, according to Callicott, the main question should be based on our feelings towards the land rather than basing it on land qualities. This would enable human beings to have moral respect for the entire biotic community and eliminate the disparities between prescriptive and descriptive opinions. However, Callicott opponents may argue that attitudes and emotions are inappropriate bases for environmental ethi cs. More so, there are many individuals who lack affection for biotic factors in any case whatsoever. So, the cons may wonder if Callicot would quit campaigning for environmental conservation if these individuals disregard the principles of land ethics. In this case, Callicott would provide a different case for assigning ethical consideration according to holistic entities. People should realize that interests are not necessarily linked to conscious skills. Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is an opportunity for non-conscious objects to express their interests as well. It can be argued that respiration is in the interest of young kids even though they do not understand the importance of fresh air in addition to lacking conscious need for the same. As such, even unconscious organisms have a need to fulfill their interests. The children and the animals â€Å"have a good of their own† necessitated by their developmental needs and their interests must be given ethical considerations. The opponents may agree with the explanation of giving moral consideration to holistic entities. However, they may question on how to exercise this moral duty while trying to protect the environment. Why should proponents of land ethics allow killing of ‘other’ over populous biotic factors and save human beings who cause major environmental destruction? As a reply, Callicot would argue that giving moral value on basis of holistic entities should not be used as a basi s of taking away human rights as well as human interests. He would argue that biotic community is just one of the many associations in the land which should be valued. Animals may be killed and people must not be murdered because human community is tighter than human-animal community. Thus, community promise would allow killing of animals only. Callicott support for Leopold’s work is a good step forward. Land ethics may help people to accept their position in the community of biotic system thus enabling them to care for other community members. Through this, the flow of energy in the land will be uninterrupted and this will help man to achieve his goods such as food. The senior rank of humans in the biotic community confers upon them a responsibility of preserving the ecosystem but not to destroy it. Work Cited Callicott, Baird, J. â€Å"Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and Environmental Ethics†. American Philosophical Quarterly 21.4 (1984): 299-309. Print.

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Adaptation of the body to hot and cold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adaptation of the body to hot and cold - Essay Example Since ancient times, human beings have been surviving in hot and humid weather of Sahara and extreme cold weather of Antarctica. Much of the earth’s hot and cold places are inhabited by human beings. The important fact is that the body of the person is permitted to live in any harsh weather conditions. However, the body needs a supply of water, shade and limited physical activity in order for the human being to survive. According to Wenger (2009), â€Å"Problems due to heat stress may occur whenever the rate of heat production or heat gain from the environment is sufficiently large in relation to the body’s ability to dissipate heat.† In a human body, problems such as numbness and snow bite can occur in extreme cold weather. However, sudden adaptation to an extreme weather is not likely for the physiology of a human being. There is an extent to which people can survive in a harsh climatic condition. The adaptation to hot or cold weather for the human body is poss ible only through the conditioned genetic make of the body. Unfortunately, it is a fact that with the continuous exposure to hot or cold weather, the tissues of the human body get injured. The body has different mechanisms by which it can adapt to cold and hot weather conditions. However, if a person is exposed to extreme hot or cold directly, then he can famish in a short period of time. Body’s adaptability to heat The human body is designed to sustain at an average temperature level and the body also maintains an average temperature level of 37 degree centigrade. However, when we attempt to sustain in a temperature above that, then the body brings out its adaptation mechanisms. When our body gets hot, it starts a biological process called sweating in order to cool off the body. But when the heat of the environment gets hotter than that, the tissue of the body is injured. The heat can affect the protein’s biological processing and this can lead to complication in the health of the human being exposed to extreme heat. The change in the protein configuration of the cell is called â€Å"denaturation.† High temperature can alter the nature of protein or kill the cells. If a living cell is exposed to heat above 45 degrees, then burning of the skin occurs. The damage of the skin depends on the duration and intensity of the heat applied to the human body. We, human beings, like any other mammal, are â€Å"homeotherms†; in other words, warm blooded animals. The human body has the ability to maintain its temperature by different biological processing. The human body does not react negatively to any minor changes in temperature, whether it is hot or cold. The main method by which the body defends against the heat in the environment is by perspiration. By perspiration the body injects fluid into the surface of the skin to make it moist and cool. As per Dugdale (2012), â€Å"Sweating is the release of a salty liquid from the body's sweat glan ds. This process is also called perspiration.† The phenomenon of sweating The phenomenon of sweating is the only way in which the body reacts to the extreme hot weather conditions. In this biological process, body injects salty liquid on to the surface of skin with the aid of sweat glands. There are millions of sweat glands in a human body and this process of sweating, in other words, is called â€Å"perspiration.† Sweating is an extremely important activity of the body to stay cool in harsh environmental conditions. Sweat is mainly obvious on the palms of the hand, under the arm or under the feet. The quantity a person sweats depends on the amount of sweat glands a person possesses. The sweat glands of an individual are functional as one attains their puberty period. Although, women possess more sweat glands, men

Book Review for Principles of Curriculum Construction Essay

Book Review for Principles of Curriculum Construction - Essay Example makes serious note of this, and, as powerful examples of his approach in this book, Gardner describes an education that illuminates the theory of evolution, the music of Mozart, and the lessons of the Holocaust, for instance. Within this book, Gardner envisions an education that preserves the strengths of a traditional humane education while at the same time fully preparing younger generations for the many challenges that will face them in the future. This book is truly one of great intelligence and efficiency, and there are many different issues within it that need to be discussed in order to be able to actually gain a proper and knowledgeable understanding on the book and the purpose of the book overall. The aim of this paper is to show the reasoning and purpose behind the book, as well as the key and significant issues that are dealt within the book. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Howard Gardner is a man whose work around multiple intelligences has had an incredibly profound impact on thinking and practice in education, and although his theory of multiple intelligences has not yet been readily accepted within academic psychology, it has however met with a strongly positive response from many educations, and as well it has truly been embraced by a range of educational theorists and, significantly, applied by teachers and policymakers to the problems of schooling. In this particular book of his, Gardner makes several points in particular quite major, such as the fact of how he believes that there is much more information that students need to know compared to the amount that they are presently receiving. The way in which Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences has been translated into policy and practice has really been quite varied, and although Gardner certainly did not initially spell out the actual implications of his theory for educators in any detail, but subsequently, he has worked by looking more closely at what the theory